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The
Civil War in Newton County – The fight for Mines and Mills
Newton
County
saw much activity during the Civil War. Although
there were a few significant battles, many of the conflicts were small
skirmishes or revenge, one-on-one, killings that could hardly be considered
military actions. These small engagements occurred in every section of the
county.
But in the bigger picture, mines
and mills were the catalysts for much of the fighting in the county. Armies have
a tremendous appetite for ammunition and food.
Newton
County
had both. The lead mines around
Granby
provided the material for ammunition. Rich crop lands
and gristmills on Oliver’s Prairie in the Newtonia -Jollification region
provided the food.
Neosho
, being the county seat, was coveted primarily as a
place to “run up the flag” to show which side was in control.
Along with numerous small
skirmishes at
Granby
, a significant battle was waged there on October 4,
1862. This battle was for control of the lead mines.
Many of the Confederate units in
this area were members of the state militia. Much of the state militia was
allied with a former governor, Sterling Price, who tried to raise a great army
to win
Missouri
for the South. Union forces included some local home
guard units as well as several regular army units from
Kansas
,
Wisconsin
, and
Texas
.
A highly unusual element of the
fighting in
Newton
County
was the presence of Native American soldiers, serving
on both sides. The most famous Indian soldier in the Civil War, General Stand
Watie, spent much time in
Newton
County
. It is believed that he personally led his Second
Cherokee Mounted Rifles in what is known as the Battle of Shoal Creek near
Neosho
. Colonel Watie (he had not yet been made a general)
fought against Union forces, which included Creek and Seminole Indians.
Throughout the war, Native
American soldiers moved in and out of
Newton
County
on a somewhat regular basis. Their movements sent
them back and forth from
Missouri
to
Arkansas
and back to “the Nation,” (now
Oklahoma
). General Stand Watie, the great Cherokee soldier,
has the distinction of being the last Confederate general to surrender.
The two most significant Civil
War battles in
Newton
County
occurred in Newtonia. Both battles were fought in the
fall of the year - when the crops had been gathered and food was abundant in the
region. The first battle was on September 30, 1862, and the Second Battle of
Newtonia was fought October 28, 1864. The first battle pitted General James
Blunt against Colonel Jo Shelby and his famous “Iron Brigade.” Accounts of
the battle vary greatly, depending on the author of the report. However, it is
widely accepted that the Confederates fielded at least 4,000 men and the
Union
at least 6,500. Some accounts suggest far greater
numbers. One account reports 16,000 Confederates and 13,500 Union troopers.
The Second Battle of Newtonia was
the final gasp of the Confederacy in
Missouri
. At this time, General Price was being run out of the
state after his famous, but unsuccessful, raid. General James Blunt led the
Union forces that were chasing General Price. At Newtonia, now-General Jo
Shelby
protected General Price’s flank in a delaying
action at Newtonia. This engagement, which gave Price cover to escape into
Arkansas
, was the last major Civil War battle fought west of
the
Mississippi River
.
Both of the battles in Newtonia
saw action in and around the home and barn owned by Matthew H. Ritchey, a Union
officer. The Ritchey home, which was built in 1852, and a few acres of the
Ritchey farm are owned by the Newtonia Battlefields Protection Association.
Fighting in and around
Neosho
was often for control of the old brick courthouse. On
several occasions, the building was occupied by Native American troops loyal to
the Confederacy. Occupancy of the courthouse was shuffled back and forth, often
given up by one side after major shelling blasted the building. In May of 1863,
part of the business section of
Neosho
was burned in the fighting. Following the Civil War,
citizens of the town, with no support from county government officials, removed
the courthouse ruins. A new courthouse was not constructed for another twenty
years.
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